The era of the Men of the Great Assembly was a transitional period in Jewish history. It was the end of era of prophecy and open miracles. It was the beginning of the flourishing of the Torah Shebe'al Peh (the Oral Law).
The period can therefore be described as the dusk of the era when Hashem had consistently shown His face and the dawn of the era when Hashem hid His face with the exception of the ד' אמות של הלכה - the 4 cubits of halacha - where His Shechina dwells until today.
The beginning of Pirkei Avot describes Shimon Hatzaddik as the remnants of the Men of the Great Assembly. There is a dispute whether his death occurred in the year 3448 or the year 3488. Although סדר הדורות and others place his year of death at 3448 (in which case, his meeting with Alexander the Great would have been at the end of Shimon Hatzaddik's lifetime), others place it at 3488 and his meeting with Alexander occurred as his 40-year term as Kohen Gadol had just started. (This is from Googling "is there a dispute as to the year AM of the death of shimon hatzadik". Admittedly, the source for this second view is murky, but in some ways, the second view is more logical.)
Daniel 8:13-14:
| יג וָאֶשְׁמְעָה אֶחָד-קָדוֹשׁ, מְדַבֵּר; וַיֹּאמֶר אֶחָד קָדוֹשׁ לַפַּלְמוֹנִי הַמְדַבֵּר, עַד-מָתַי הֶחָזוֹן הַתָּמִיד וְהַפֶּשַׁע שֹׁמֵם--תֵּת וְקֹדֶשׁ וְצָבָא, מִרְמָס. | 13 Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said unto that certain one who spoke: 'How long shall be the vision concerning the continual burnt-offering, and the transgression that causes appalment, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trampled under foot?' |
| יד וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלַי--עַד עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר, אַלְפַּיִם וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת; וְנִצְדַּק, קֹדֶשׁ. | 14 And he said unto me: 'Unto two thousand and three hundred evenings and mornings; then shall the sanctuary be victorious.' |
Note that the Hebrew ערב בקר אלפים ושלש מאות is deliberately vague. The English translation given that says "evenings and mornings" is the translator's interpretation - not the literal translation. Recently, Rabbi Weisberg on Tamar Yonah (as can be found on Shirat Devorah) says that it means "from evening until morning". However, the words literally just say "evening morning".
Rabbi Weisberg at the 13:31 mark says that the 2300 years can be counted from the death of Shimon Hatzaddik. And we know that Shimon Hatzaddik's yahrtzeit is Tishri 29. So if Shimon Hatzaddik died on Tishri 29, 3488, then we are currently within the 2300th year of his passing.
I personally like this dating, but with a different interpretation of ערב בקר. As mentioned at the beginning of this post, the period of the Men of the Great Assembly is a period of the twilight of one era and the dawning of a new one. This vision of Daniel occurred in the year 3389, when Belshatzar was about to be killed - that's basically the beginning of the period of the Men of the Great Assembly. So, I believe that ערב בקר אלפים ושלש מאות means that we need to wait for the dusk of the era of prophecy (evening), then wait for the morning of the era of the proliferation of the Oral Torah (morning), and then wait an additional 2300 years.
What does the verse say we're waiting for? "the vision concerning the continual burnt-offering, and the transgression that causes appalment, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trampled under foot?"
Of course, this is interpreted - and rightly so - to refer to the Temple Mount being trampled on by the שיקוץ שומם that is currently there, which was built 1335 years ago - another interesting idea that Rabbi Weisberg and many others have pointed out recently.
However, perhaps we can suggest an additional understanding. Let's look at the previous verses (
Daniel 8:9-12):
| ט וּמִן-הָאַחַת מֵהֶם, יָצָא קֶרֶן-אַחַת מִצְּעִירָה; וַתִּגְדַּל-יֶתֶר אֶל-הַנֶּגֶב וְאֶל-הַמִּזְרָח, וְאֶל-הַצֶּבִי. | 9 And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the beauteous land. |
| י וַתִּגְדַּל, עַד-צְבָא הַשָּׁמָיִם; וַתַּפֵּל אַרְצָה מִן-הַצָּבָא וּמִן-הַכּוֹכָבִים, וַתִּרְמְסֵם. | 10 And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and some of the host and of the stars it cast down to the ground, and trampled upon them. |
| יא וְעַד שַׂר-הַצָּבָא, הִגְדִּיל; וּמִמֶּנּוּ הרים הוּרַם הַתָּמִיד, וְהֻשְׁלַךְ מְכוֹן מִקְדָּשׁוֹ. | 11 Yea, it magnified itself, even to the prince of the host; and from him the continual burnt-offering was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. |
| יב וְצָבָא תִּנָּתֵן עַל-הַתָּמִיד, בְּפָשַׁע; וְתַשְׁלֵךְ אֱמֶת אַרְצָה, וְעָשְׂתָה וְהִצְלִיחָה. | 12 And the host was given over to it together with the continual burnt-offering through transgression; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it wrought, and prospered. |
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So let's go through these verses one by one. This is my possible interpretation and doesn't necessarily mean it's true. Many readers may not like my interpretation. So be it. If it is off the mark, Hashem should forgive me.
Verse 9 - out of the 4 horns came a little horn (Yishmael) which became powerful (due to its merit for circumcision) to the south (the Houthis), to the east (Iran), and to the צבי (the Land of Israel - referring to Hamas and Hezbollah).
Verse 10 - Its merit of circumcision grew so much that even Heaven allowed October 7th to occur, where part of the Israeli army and its heroes were trampled upon for many hours.
Verse 11 - October 7th caused such a great problem that the army Chief of Staff (along with a large percentage of the country) repeated over and over that the Tamid (read "Matmid") - the Torah learners who are constantly protecting the nation spiritually - must cease their learning and join the army, which will cause a spiritual void of holiness.
Verse 12 - And the army will be forced upon the Torah learners via transgression. And truth (the Torah) will be cast down. And this transgression will be (temporarily) successful.
So now back to Verse 13 - Daniel heard an angel asking the other angel, "Until when will this vision of the Torah learners and enacting this abominable transgression to have both the holy Torah learners and the holy army (by not having fully vanquished our enemies) trampled upon?"
Verse 14 - He told me, "Evening, morning, 2300 years. That's when the holy Torah learners will be justified to all in their learning and the holy army will be victorious in their battle."
Then, of course, we have the verses at the end of the book (
Daniel 12:11-12):
| יא וּמֵעֵת הוּסַר הַתָּמִיד, וְלָתֵת שִׁקּוּץ שֹׁמֵם--יָמִים, אֶלֶף מָאתַיִם וְתִשְׁעִים. | 11 And from the time that the continual burnt-offering shall be taken away, and the detestable thing that causes appalment set up, there shall be a thousand two hundred and ninety days. |
| יב אַשְׁרֵי הַמְחַכֶּה, וְיַגִּיעַ: לְיָמִים--אֶלֶף, שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת שְׁלֹשִׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה. | 12 Happy is he that waiteth, and cometh to the thousand three hundred and five and thirty days. |
Verse 11 - From the time of October 7th, which was used as an excuse to remove the Torah learners from learning, and also the abominable atrocities of the day were placed upon us, there are 1290 days.
Verse 12 - Fortunate is he who waits and reaches to 1335 days. This could refer to the 1335 years of the abomination on the Temple Mount, as mentioned earlier. Or, continuing with our theme, it could refer to
1335 days after October 7th, which is June 3rd, 2027, or
the 27th of Iyar, 5787. That night, people will be celebrating the 60th anniversary of Yom Yerushalayim. Or we may be celebrating something even greater.
May it be Hashem's will. Amen.